This volume argues that concepts and ideologies shaped the practice of British rule in India; impacted policies and laws, and were embodied in institutions and practices, affecting both governance and Indian experience. Engaging with questions of historiography, it calls for a balanced assessment of India’s growth or decline under British rule. Ideas matter examines revenue policies and their consequences, generally but particularly in Bihar, stressing continuities from pre-colonial times but also discussing major changes deriving from British laws. Two chapters analyse the rationale and impact of the Bengal tenancy Act of 1885. Others discuss communal identities and the effects of colonial categorization, probing the significance of interpretations of the 1857 revolt and the Amritsar massacre of 1919, and considering the overtly non-communalist Abdul latif (1828–93) and educational reforms intended to benefit Bengali Muslims. The book examines British and Indian nationalism; commemoration of colonial rule and Indian resistance; the reification of politico-religious identities; and concepts and misconceptions that shaped policy and law, especially those affecting rural India.