In this book, two leading historians of early modern South Asia present nine jointly authored essays on the Mughal empire, framed by a long Introduction which reflects on the imperial, nationalist and other conflicted trajectories of history-writing on the Mughals. Using materials from a large variety of languages including Dutch, Portuguese, English, Persian, Urdu and Tamil, they show how this Indo-Islamic dynasty developed a sophisticated system of government and facilitated an era of profound artistic and architectural achievement, setting the groundwork for South Asia's future trajectory. In several ways the joint work of Alam and Subrahmanyam, best represented here, provides the most significant innovation, expansion and rethinking about the Mughal imperium for many decades. The present book intertwines political, cultural and commercial themes while exploring diplomacy, state-formation, historiography, religious debate and political thought. It focuses on confrontations between a variety of source materials that are then reconciled by the authors, enabling readers to participate both in the debate and the resolution of competing claims. Interdisciplinary and cutting-edge, this work adds rich dimensions to research on the Mughal state, early modern South Asia and the comparative history of the Mughal, Ottoman, Safavid and other early modern empires.